Bulletin de veille du 24 mars 2026

Québec/Canada
Ce rapport montre que, au Canada, les chocs macroéconomiques récents ont eu des effets marqués sur les finances publiques, soulignant la nécessité d’une gestion budgétaire plus adaptable et sensible aux conditions économiques et à l’incertitude.
Au cours des dernières décennies, l’économie canadienne a été confrontée à une succession de chocs macroéconomiques d’origines et de natures variées : crise financière mondiale de 2008-2009, fluctuations des prix des matières premières, pandémie de COVID-19, périodes de forte incertitude géopolitique et resserrement monétaire rapide visant à contenir l’inflation. Ces épisodes ont profondément affecté les conditions macroéconomiques et posé d’importants défis aux finances publiques. Dans une étude CIRANO (Moran et Stevanovic, 2025), les auteurs proposent une évaluation empirique des effets d’une série de chocs macroéconomiques sur les principaux agrégats économiques et budgétaires au Canada. Leurs analyses soulignent la nécessité d’une stratégie de gestion budgétaire sensible aux conditions macroéconomiques externes et aux sources d’incertitude.
Ce Regard présente les principaux éléments retenus par l’équipe de la Chaire à la suite de la lecture du Budget 2026-2027 du Québec.
Le Budget du Québec est au cœur du travail de la Chaire en fiscalité et en finances publiques (CFFP). Chaque année, l’équipe de la Chaire examine les documents budgétaires d’un couvert à l’autre. L’analyse initiale est présentée sous la forme d’un Regard sur le budget qui décortique ce que l’équipe considère être les faits saillants de finances publiques et de politique fiscale du budget présenté le 18 mars 2026.
1. La croissance économique serait de 0,8 % en 2025 et de 1,1 % en 2026, des taux plus faibles qu’anticipé au Budget 2025-2026.
2. Les prévisions du Budget 2026-2027 montrent que l’économie québécoise se situerait sous son niveau potentiel de 2024 à 2029.
3. Le taux d’inflation est prévu demeurer dans la fourchette cible de la Banque du Canada pour toute la période du cadre financier.
4. Le plan de retour à l’équilibre, présentant un solde budgétaire à zéro en 2029-2030, respecte les conditions de la Loi sur l’équilibre budgétaire.
5. Le déficit de 13,6 G$ pour 2025-2026 est réévalué à la baisse à 9,9 G$.
6. Les soldes budgétaires de 2027-2028 à 2030-2031 présentent des écarts à résorber.
7. Le budget inclut 9,6 G$ de nouvelles initiatives pour les années 2026-2027 à 2030-2031.
8. De 2025-2026 à 2030-2031, la croissance annuelle moyenne serait de 3,6 % pour les revenus autonomes et de 1,7 % pour les transferts fédéraux.
9. Pendant la même période, les dépenses de portefeuilles augmenteraient en moyenne de 1,9 % par année.
10. Le PQI sur dix ans passe de 164 G$ (Budget 2025-2026) à 167 G$ (Budget 2026-2027).
11. La dette nette a atteint 38,3 % du PIB au 31 mars 2025, augmenterait jusqu’à 39,3 % au 31 mars 2028 avant de reprendre une tendance baissière.
12. Le ratio de dette nette en pourcentage du PIB serait dans les fourchettes cibles fixées dans la Loi sur la réduction de la dette et instituant le Fonds des générations.
13. Le Budget 2026-2027 contient très peu de mesures fiscales touchant les particuliers, outre une annonce de l’automatisation à venir de la production de la déclaration de revenus de certaines clientèles.
14. Annonce de la mise en place du crédit d’impôt pour les médias d’information québécois, qui, essentiellement, élargit le crédit d’impôt remboursable visant la presse écrite qui existe depuis 2019.
15. Annonces de modifications à certains crédits d’impôt touchant des sociétés : pour la transformation numérique de la presse écrite, pour les productions cinématographiques ou télévisuelles québécoises et pour le développement des affaires électroniques (CDAE) intégrant des fonctionnalités d’IA.
16. 5 000 places en garderie visées par l’annonce de l’extension du programme de conversion de places de garde non subventionnées en places subventionnées.
17. Ajout d’un volet au programme de subvention Rénoclimat pour des travaux qui rendent une habitation plus résiliente face aux changements climatiques, financé par le Fonds d’électrification et de changements climatiques (FECC).
Ce Regard propose une méthodologie d’évaluation de l’écart entre les recettes théoriques de TPS et de TVQ au Québec, si les obligations de chacun étaient pleinement respectées, et ce qui est effectivement perçu. Si on fait abstraction de la période pandémique, on y estime que cet écart en matière de TVQ est demeuré proportionnellement stable depuis 10 ans.
Dans une première partie, le concept d’écart fiscal est décortiqué. L’on revient ensuite sur les évaluations antérieures de l’écart fiscal réalisées par l’Agence du revenu du Canada et Revenu-Québec. La troisième partie propose un modèle d’évaluation, incluant les données et les hypothèses utilisées. On y décrit les limites de l’estimation de l’écart fiscal et les principales difficultés liées à celle-ci. La quatrième partie présente les résultats des estimations préliminaires de l’évolution des assiettes fiscales, de la taxe réelle établie et de l’écart fiscal en TVQ et en TPS pour la période de 10 ans allant de l’année 2014 à l’année 2023. Enfin, quelques estimations de l’écart fiscal réalisé à l’étranger sont présentées et la comparabilité de ces estimations à l’écart fiscal estimé pour le Québec est discutée.
Il est évalué que l’écart fiscal en TVQ a atteint 2 G$ en 2019. Parmi les prélèvements du gouvernement du Québec, c’est à ce niveau que se situe l’écart fiscal le plus important en termes de dollars. Bien que l’évaluation de l’écart fiscal en TVQ présente des embûches, dans un esprit de transparence et de reddition de comptes, vu l’importance des montants en jeu et le contexte budgétaire ardu, cette évaluation apparaît nécessaire.
Cette étude présente la plus récente analyse de Soutenabilité des finances publiques à long terme du Québec de la CFFP, un exercice de projection des finances publiques sur une quarantaine d’années, effectué périodiquement depuis 2007. Si le scénario de base, construit à partir des données les plus récentes et avec des hypothèses actualisées, montre que les finances publiques devraient être dans la zone de soutenabilité à moyen terme, à long et très long terme ce ne serait plus le cas. Des scénarios ou hypothèses alternatives indiquent quelques pistes d’amélioration.
La prémisse à la base des effets de la transformation démographique au Québec sur la soutenabilité budgétaire à long terme est qu’elle exerce une pression de plus en plus forte sur les coûts de santé, tout en limitant la croissance économique génératrice de revenus pour l’État. La combinaison des deux phénomènes pourrait ainsi compromettre la pérennité des équilibres financiers du gouvernement qui aurait comme conséquence potentielle une croissance de l’endettement qui soulèverait un problème d’équité intergénérationnelle.
La Chaire s’intéresse à cette question depuis 2007. Comme à toutes les éditions, chacune des hypothèses à la base de la projection des équilibres financiers de long terme du gouvernement du Québec, qu’elles soient démographiques, économiques et budgétaires, est revue en vertu de la littérature et des données les plus récentes.
Ainsi, à partir de ces hypothèses et données, le budget du gouvernement du Québec est projeté jusqu’en 2065. Il est alors possible de faire une série de constats permettant de se prononcer quant à savoir si les finances publiques du Québec sont soutenables à long terme.
À la lumière des résultats de l’Édition 2026 de l’analyse de la soutenabilité budgétaire, voici douze constats qui sont davantage détaillés dans le présent cahier :
- Il faut prendre l’exercice pour ce qu’il est, d’abord une projection de tendances et non une prévision, mais surtout, un éclairage pour les décideurs
- Premier défi pour les finances publiques québécoises : respecter le plan de retour à l’équilibre budgétaire
- Les projections montrent toute l’importance d’un point de départ à l’équilibre budgétaire
- Malgré les écarts budgétaires identifiés, la zone de soutenabilité reste accessible à moyen terme
- Le Fonds des générations : un outil utile pour atteindre la zone de soutenabilité
- Une détérioration notable aux équilibres financiers apparait à long et à très long terme
- Des scénarios alternatifs montrent toute l’importance d’un marché du travail dynamique
- Une dépendance accrue à certains revenus (transferts) et dépenses (santé) au cours des années
- Le principe de l’équité intergénérationnelle n’est pas atteint dans le scénario de base, les décideurs doivent en tenir compte
- La projection est effectuée sur la base du niveau et de la qualité des services actuels
- La projection est effectuée sur la base du niveau et de la qualité des infrastructures prévues actuellement
- La projection intègre partiellement les changements climatiques, une nécessité qui reste encore à raffiner
Le phénomène des changements démographiques n’est plus seulement quelque chose à venir, car on en ressent déjà les effets. Sachant cela, l’exercice de projections des finances publiques à long terme contribue notamment à stimuler la réflexion en vue d’identifier les meilleurs moyens pour arrimer le panier de services et le financement nécessaire pour viser une soutenabilité et le principe d’équité intergénérationnel.
À l’aube d’une campagne électorale, en prévision de promesses ou encore en préparant un budget, il faut indéniablement avoir des préoccupations de long terme à l’esprit.
Cet article analyse l’évolution historique de la table d’imposition des particuliers au Québec depuis 1954 et propose, à l’aide de simulations par microsimulation, une réforme à huit paliers qui générerait 3,3 milliards de dollars de recettes fiscales supplémentaires annuellement.
Au fil des ans, le gouvernement du Québec s’est privé de revenus substantiels en réduisant l’utilisation de certains outils fiscaux, comme l’impôt des particuliers, et en abolissant certains autres. Dans cette note, nous portons notre attention sur l’impôt sur le revenu des particuliers. Nous verrons comment cet outil fiscal a évolué depuis sa création, puis nous formulerons une proposition de réforme que le gouvernement québécois pourrait mettre en place pour accroître les recettes fiscales et mieux financer les services publics.
Ce rapport met en évidence que, en Colombie-Britannique, le régime fiscal présente des faiblesses importantes en matière de compétitivité tant pour les entreprises que pour les particuliers, notamment en raison d’une taxe de vente inefficiente et de taux marginaux d’imposition élevés.
British Columbia faces significant tax competitiveness challenges with respect to both the tax treatment of businesses and individuals. This is a policy problem because competitive tax systems contribute to economic growth by helping any jurisdiction attract business investment as well as skilled workers.
An inefficiently designed sales tax that taxes inputs to business production processes is the key reason the province has the highest average level of tax on new investment in Canada.
Recent policy changes in the United States have made the business tax environment in that country more attractive for investment, which puts a new source of competitive pressure on BC. British Columbia is now generally at a business tax disadvantage with nearby American states, and that gap is expected to increase in the years ahead.
In recent years, the province’s tax competitiveness with respect to personal income taxes for high-income individuals has emerged as a new policy problem, on top of its longstanding business tax challenges.
British Columbia now has the 4th-highest top personal income tax (PIT) rate in Canada or the United States at 53.5%. This is substantially higher than the rate in most nearby states. It is 16.5 percentage points higher than the top PIT rate in neighbouring Washington State and Alaska.
The addition of a PIT competitiveness challenge to the province’s business tax environment raises important questions about the overall competitiveness of the province’s tax system, which should be an issue of concern for policymakers.
Cet article montre que, au Canada, la période du gouvernement Chrétien a été associée à une meilleure croissance du PIB par habitant et de l’investissement privé, tandis que la période du gouvernement Trudeau s’est accompagnée d’une performance plus faible en matière de niveau de vie et d’investissement, ce qui suggère qu’un retour à une discipline budgétaire pourrait améliorer la prospérité économique.
Given the Carney government’s commitment of a new approach to fiscal policy, this analysis examines the fiscal and economic performance of the Chrétien, Harper, and Trudeau governments to illustrate which fiscal outcomes were accompanied with economic success in the past, and which were not.
Fiscal performance is analyzed based on annual spending on programs, annual budgetary balances (i.e., surplus/deficits), and total debt accumulation.
The Chrétien government’s fiscal record is one of reduced program spending, balanced budgets, and declining government debt. Conversely, the Trudeau government increased spending to the greatest extent of all three governments, ran persistent deficits, and accumulated the largest amounts of debt. The Harper government’s fiscal record represents a midpoint between the Chrétien and Trudeau governments.
Economic performance is analyzed based on GDP per person (a broad measure of individual living standards), private- and public-sector employment, and business investment.
Similar to their fiscal records, the economic records of the Chrétien and Trudeau governments represent two extremes, while the Harper government’s record represents a midpoint. The Chrétien government oversaw very little public sector job creation, but recorded the strongest performance across the other three metrics. Conversely, the Trudeau government recorded strong public sector job employment growth, but relatively unimpressive private job creation, the smallest improvement in living standards, and (critically) a collapse in business investment.
To improve prosperity for Canadians, the Carney government should indeed define a different fiscal record than the Trudeau government, and instead emulate the Chrétien government by lowering spending, balancing the budget, and reducing debt.
Cet article révèle que, malgré la promesse d’un changement d’approche budgétaire, le gouvernement Carney prévoit une hausse des dépenses et des déficits nettement supérieure à celle envisagée par le gouvernement Trudeau, ce qui entraînerait une augmentation plus rapide de la dette publique.
During the 2025 election, the Carney government promised to take a different approach to federal finances than its predecessor. To determine whether or not the government truly plans to fulfill that promise, this analysis compares the fiscal plans presented in the 2024 Fall Economic Statement (the Trudeau government’s last fiscal release) and in Budget 2025 (the Carney government’s first fiscal release) based on overall revenues, spending, total deficits, and total debt accumulation.
From 2024/25 to 2029/30, the Carney government projects total annual revenues will increase by 14.2% ($72.3 billion), whereas the Trudeau government had planned for a 19.9% ($101.8 billion) increase.
Despite expecting slower revenue growth, the Carney government plans to spend a combined $67.6 billion more than the Trudeau government had planned from 2025/26 to 2029/30. This includes $47.8 billion in additional program spending and an additional $19.8 billion to service government debt.
As a result, the Carney government plans to run combined deficits of $321.7 billion over this same period. That is more than double what the Trudeau government had planned ($154.4 billion).
By 2029/30, the Carney government projects that the total federal debt will reach $2.9 trillion (79.0% of GDP), whereas the Trudeau government had only planned to reach $2.6 trillion ($266.4 billion less and only 71.7% of GDP).
Rather than take a new approach, this analysis reveals the Carney government will instead continue, and exacerbate, the same fiscal policies as the Trudeau government.
États-Unis
Ce rapport analyse les effets distributifs et économiques des tarifs douaniers de l’administration Trump et conclut qu’une hausse du taux d’imposition des sociétés à 28 % constituerait une alternative à la fois plus progressive et plus efficiente, susceptible de générer environ 1 000 milliards de dollars sur dix ans.
The Trump Administration’s sweeping tariffs have harmed the economy by increasing input costs and uncertainty for businesses and raising prices for consumers, placing a particularly heavy burden on people with low and moderate incomes. The Administration’s proposal to replace income taxes with tariffs would raise taxes on people with incomes in the bottom 20 percent by $4,000 (26 percent of income) and the middle 20 percent by $5,300 (8.7 percent of income), while wealthy households would receive a $337,000 windfall on average.
Instead, raising the corporate tax rate would raise substantial revenue in a progressive and efficient manner. Because a growing share of corporate tax falls on excess profits, it is less likely to reduce investment. Raising the corporate rate to 28 percent would raise around $1 trillion over ten years enough to replace about two-thirds of current tariffs while placing the burden predominantly on wealthy shareholders.
Ce rapport montre que la pauvreté à New York a atteint, en 2024, son plus haut niveau depuis plus d’une décennie, touchant plus d’un quart de la population malgré le rôle important des transferts gouvernementaux et des crédits d’impôt. L’article met en évidence l’ampleur des difficultés économiques et l’importance des politiques publiques de soutien.
Using the latest Poverty Tracker data, this report documents how New Yorkers fared in 2024 and how their experiences of economic disadvantage compare to years prior. We document trends in income poverty, material hardship (i.e., chronic or acute difficulty making ends meet), and health problems; examine how these experiences vary across demographic groups; and analyze the extent to which poverty, hardship, and health problems overlap. The latest data show that in 2024, nearly 2.2 million New Yorkers–more than 1 in 4–lived in poverty, and that the City’s poverty rate was twice the national average.
More New Yorkers lived in poverty in 2024 (nearly 2.2 million) than at any other point since we began collecting Poverty Tracker data more than 10 years ago. (This included more than 1.7 million adult New Yorkers and nearly 450,000 children.)
New Yorkers living below the poverty line were not the only ones struggling to get by—in 2024 nearly 5 million New Yorkers had incomes below 200% of the poverty line in 2024 and a third had low incomes (i.e., incomes between 100–200% of the poverty line).
Still, in 2024, government transfers and tax credits cut the adult poverty rate in New York City by 23% and the child poverty rate by 42%, keeping more than half a million adults and more than 300,000 children above the poverty line. These effects are similar to those in 2023, when government transfers and tax credits cut the adult poverty rate by 22% and the child poverty rate by 39%.
More than half of adults and children were in families that experienced at least one form of material hardship in 2024. Roughly a quarter of adults and children were in a family that experienced at least one form of severe material hardship in 2024.
In 2024, a fifth of adult New Yorkers experienced a health problem, defined as reporting poor health or having a work-limiting health condition, and more than a quarter experienced a health problem or serious psychological distress. The prevalence of serious psychological distress remained higher than it was before the pandemic.
Half of adult New Yorkers faced at least one form of disadvantage (poverty, severe material hardship, or health problems) in 2024.
Ce rapport analyse les effets distributifs du crédit d’impôt pour enfants, tel que modifié par le One Big Beautiful Bill Act de 2025, et conclut que 30 % des enfants américains, dont 99 % des enfants du quintile le plus pauvre, demeurent exclus du crédit complet.
The 2025 Trump tax law slightly increased the Child Tax Credit in a way that benefits virtually none of the children who most need help. OBBBA increases the maximum CTC from $2,000 to $2,200, but leaves in place restrictions based on earnings that prevent lower-income families from receiving the full credit.
This analysis finds that under OBBBA, 30 percent of all children in the U.S. are barred from receiving the full credit, including virtually all children among the poorest fifth of Americans. The largest share of benefits (41 percent) will go to the richest fifth of Americans. By contrast, the proposed American Family Act would remove all refundability restrictions, with average benefits of $4,900 for the poorest fifth of families with children. Disparities are also documented by race and ethnicity, and by age of youngest child.
Ce rapport analyse l’impact des tarifs imposés par l’administration Trump aux États‑Unis, montrant qu’ils ont relevé le coût moyen pour les ménages, accru les recettes fédérales et réduit la croissance économique, tout en intensifiant la guerre commerciale avec de nombreux partenaires.
In 2025, the Trump tariffs amounted to an average tax increase of $1,000 per US household. We estimate the new tariffs currently imposed in 2026 will increase taxes per US household by $600.
President Trump imposed tariffs on nearly all trading partners under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) and on several sectors using Section 232. On February 20, 2026, the Supreme Court ruled 6-3 that IEEPA does not authorize tariffs, leaving only the new Section 232 tariffs in place. Trump responded by imposing a 10 percent tariff on nearly all countries under Section 122, effective February 24, 2026, applying to an estimated $1.2 trillion (34 percent) of annual imports. The Section 122 tariff is scheduled to expire after 150 days, and several new Section 301 investigations are ongoing.
The IEEPA ruling reduced the weighted average applied tariff rate on all imports from 13.8 percent to 6.7 percent in 2026 under the remaining Section 232 tariffs. While the 10 percent Section 122 tariffs are in effect, we estimate this rises to 10.3 percent.
The average effective tariff rate was 7.7 percent in 2025—the highest since 1947. If the 10 percent Section 122 tariffs expire on schedule, we estimate the average effective tariff rate will be 5.6 percent in 2026, the highest since 1972.
We estimate that the remaining Section 232 and Section 122 tariffs will raise $662 billion in revenue from 2026-2035 on a conventional basis. The permanent Section 232 tariffs will reduce long-run US GDP by 0.2 percent before foreign retaliation. Accounting for negative economic effects, the revenue raised by the tariffs falls to $517 billion over the decade. We estimate that the Section 232 tariffs raised $36 billion in net tax revenue in 2025.
The tariffs have not meaningfully altered the trade balance, which fell by only $2.1 billion in 2025, driven by an increase in the trade surplus of services.
Cet article montre qu’aux États-Unis, l’introduction d’un amortissement accéléré pour les immeubles locatifs multifamiliaux pourrait réduire le coût fiscal de l’investissement, stimuler la construction et générer jusqu’à plus d’un million de logements supplémentaires en dix ans, tout en représentant un coût budgétaire d’environ 210 millions pour l’État.
The United States is short millions of homes, and housing is the largest expense for most households. A tax policy known as “accelerated depreciation,” last applied to housing in the 1980s, could increase supply by lowering the tax cost of building.
Depreciation schedules, which determine how much and when to deduct the cost of a business asset over time, affect investment decisions across the economy, including in housing. Federal tax policy currently requires investors in rental multifamily housing development to recover their construction costs over 27.5 years.
But what if investors in multifamily housing could deduct all or a larger share of their costs in the first few years? Our research shows that allowing such “full or partial expensing” for multifamily housing investment would reduce the cost of investment, expand the set of viable projects, and increase housing supply—at a lower cost per unit than many direct subsidy programs.
We estimate that the cost of capital would fall enough to make more projects viable, generating between 700,000 and 1,060,000 additional rental units over ten years. Full expensing would cost roughly $210 billion in federal revenue over that same period. The revenue cost is largely due to deductions taken sooner rather than over decades, and includes the costs and effects of an optional refundable credit that would expand access.
International
Ce rapport examine les implications macroéconomiques de la transition énergétique de l’Union européenne et montre que, malgré des investissements supplémentaires nécessaires pour atteindre les objectifs climatiques de 2035, les effets globaux sur l’activité économique demeurent modestes lorsque les politiques de tarification du carbone sont combinées avec des subventions vertes.
The EU has ambitious goals for climate and energy security. Its targets and policies may have large macroeconomic implications, but investment impacts are particularly uncertain. Detailed « bottom-up » approaches based on sectoral calculations point to investment increases of 2 to 3 percent of GDP annually, while “top down” general equilibrium models often yield negligible aggregate investment effects. Further, the investment and broader macroeconomic impacts of the EU’s energy transition will depend on how carbon pricing revenues are recycled. This paper addresses these issues using a modeling technique that bridges bottom-up and top-down approaches. A New Keynesian general equilibrium model (GMMET) is extended to feature a detailed representation of energy use in key emitting sectors, including buildings, transport and energy-intensive manufacturing. Simulations suggest that achieving the EU’s 2035 climate goals implies an increase in aggregate annual investment of just around 1 percent of GDP. More broadly, the EU’s energy transition only has modest macroeconomic impacts if it combines carbon pricing and green subsidies, partly because these are complementary—green subsidies lower energy prices and inflation and raise output, carbon pricing has opposite effects, and therefore combining both yields small effects on all accounts. The fiscal cost of the transition is modest provided decarbonization relies sufficiently on carbon pricing; while revenues from ETS1 and ETS2 could eventually reach about 1 percent of GDP, the public investment cost of the transition is less than 0.5 percent of GDP annually, leaving net fiscal space that could be used for other policy objectives.
Ce document analyse, à l’aide d’outils d’intelligence artificielle, les mesures discrétionnaires de dépenses publiques adoptées dans 64 pays et montre que les chocs de dépenses identifiés influencent fortement l’évolution subséquente des dépenses gouvernementales, avec des multiplicateurs fiscaux variant selon l’ouverture commerciale, le régime de change et le niveau d’incertitude.
We build the first global quarterly narrative database of discretionary government spending actions by applying a fixed GPT–4.1 prompt to Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) Country Reports. The resulting series identifies exogenous spending shocks—expansions and contractions—for an unbalanced panel of 64 countries from 1952:Q1 to 2023:Q4. We validate the database by (i) replicating expert narrative coding in Romer and Romer (2019), (ii) showing that the identified shocks predict subsequent movements in measured government spending, and (iii) establishing alignment with action-based consolidation measures in Adler et al. (2024). Using country-by-country VARs that treat the narrative indicator as an internal instrument, we derive the first set of comparable cumulative government spending multipliers. The median multiplier is 0.7 at horizons up to two years, with substantial heterogeneity across countries and over time. Pooled estimates imply larger multipliers in less open economies, under fixed exchange-rate regimes, and in downturns. Multipliers are smaller when uncertainty is high and larger when political support is stronger.
Ce rapport analyse les défis auxquels fait face le système de Universal Credit au Royaume‑Uni et expose des pistes de réforme essentielles, notamment sur l’intégration du soutien au conseil municipal, la revalorisation des aides au logement et la pertinence du plafonnement des prestations.
The UC review should consider the way that universal credit interacts with council tax support (a separate means of support to low-income families). Because council tax support is a separate benefit from UC, claimants earning an extra £1 often lose 64p in benefits – and in some cases lose more than £1. This undermines the original case for UC which was meant to remove these very high effective tax rates. There is a strong argument for integrating the two benefits to address this issue.
Parts of the system – most importantly the level of housing support that private renters can receive – are frozen in cash terms indefinitely. This means their generosity steadily falls in real terms over time at a speed determined by inflation, rather than because of a government decision. There is no good justification for this, and the government should decide what it thinks appropriate benefit amounts and thresholds are – which could be higher or lower than currently – and then commit to uprating them with a sensibly chosen index (such as CPI inflation).
The benefit cap provides an upper limit on the total amount of benefit income a household can receive. While this is a straightforward way to reduce high levels of benefit entitlement, it is a relatively crude mechanism. Insofar as the benefit system attempts to guarantee a minimum standard of living, a simple cap undermines that, since households with higher entitlements have higher needs (such as more children, more adults and higher rent). The UC review should clarify what problem the cap is intended to solve, and whether it is the best means of doing so.
The ‘five-week wait’ for the first UC payment can create difficulties for new claimants without savings. The system of ‘advances’ (zero-interest loans) seeks to mitigate this. However, 44% of new claimants do not get an advance – a high figure, given that the loan is zero-interest. Qualitative evidence suggests some claimants are not informed about the option to get an advance, or do not take it because of an aversion to debt – in some cases going into arrears on other payments or using credit (potentially with interest). It is difficult to believe that 44% of new claimants would be worse off by taking an advance, so the UC review should ensure that claimants are given sufficient information and a clear choice about advances – and the government could monitor that 44% figure as a measure of progress.
One of the key goals of UC was to ensure that claimants are consistently made better off if they increase their earnings. But there are many ‘cliff edges’ in support that are outside the UC system itself but interact with UC, which undermine this goal. Numerous programmes (such as free school meals and the Scottish child payment) are tied to getting UC and are designed such that a claimant can increase their earnings by a small amount and suddenly lose all their support, making them worse off. Not all of these cliff edges can be easily removed. But progress can be made on some, and the UC review should identify those cases.
Over decades, the gap between the degrees of support provided for unemployed claimants and for those with health problems has widened. The government has raised the concern that this potentially increases the incentive to claim health-related benefits rather than unemployment benefits. Reforms coming into effect from April 2026 will increase the UK’s low level of protection against unemployment while reducing support for claimants deemed unable to work. This may go some way to slowing the growth in the number of people claiming health-related benefits, but inevitably means less support for disabled people.
Ce rapport montre que le soutien au paiement de la council tax joue un rôle essentiel pour les ménages les plus pauvres, mais que sa localisation en Angleterre a réduit sa générosité, accentué les disparités territoriales et parfois affaibli les incitations au travail.
Council tax support (CTS) is a benefit that assists the poorest households in paying their council tax, by providing a reduction on their bills. It operates separately from universal credit (UC). In 2024–25, a total of £4.2 billion was spent on providing CTS to 3.7 million claimants in England, of which £2.5 billion went to families of working age. This report focuses on support for working-age households.
In aggregate, the scheme is a small fraction of total working-age benefit expenditure, but it plays a significant role in supporting the poorest, on average contributing nearly £540 per year for the poorest tenth (5.5% of their income), and partially offsetting the regressivity of council tax.
Local authorities both design and administer working-age CTS in England, after responsibility was devolved in 2013–14, whilst in Scotland and Wales the devolved governments have designed their own national schemes. Total working-age CTS entitlements have been cut by £630 million per year (14%) as a result of local reforms, following reductions in central government funding when the schemes were localised and devolved. Since CTS is tightly targeted at those on low incomes, these reductions in generosity have hit the poorest tenth of households the most, reducing their incomes by £106 per year (1%). These cuts occurred entirely among English councils – Scotland and Wales have maintained the generosity of their schemes.
Local reforms have slightly strengthened incentives to work, principally because they have reduced the amount of CTS available to out-of-work households. Localisation provides opportunities for local democratic decision-making, to reflect local needs, priorities and constraints. At the same time, localisation means that similar families can get different support depending on where they live, and there are additional administrative burdens faced by councils. Moreover, interactions between UC and CTS create additional complexity and sometimes create strong disincentives to work for claimants.
In England, many councils have moved to ‘banded schemes’, in which entitlement to CTS is determined by which of a set of income bands a household’s income falls into (rather than smoothly reducing CTS as income increases). The aim of these schemes is administrative simplification, though they add complexity to the work incentives faced by claimants: small increases in earnings – for example, from working an extra hour of overtime – may result in claimants being worse off as their CTS entitlements sharply fall.
There are currently no plans to integrate working-age CTS and UC. However, integration would achieve substantial simplifications of the system for claimants and reductions in administrative costs. It could also strengthen work incentives, but straightforward options to achieve this entail either spending more or reducing the incomes of poorer households. Integration could come with other administrative and financial risks if not handled correctly. And it would necessarily mean reduced local control over the benefit system, though some local control could be retained, by allowing councils to determine the share of council tax that would be covered for each household when in receipt of full universal credit. Nevertheless, given the potential for administrative savings and transparency to claimants, the case for integration of CTS and UC in England, with an offer to include the devolved systems, remains strong.
Ce rapport présente, à l’échelle internationale, des données détaillées sur l’impôt sur les sociétés et les pratiques d’érosion de la base d’imposition, montrant une amélioration du suivi des activités fiscales des multinationales tout en mettant en évidence l’importance croissante des règles BEPS et des taux effectifs d’imposition dans l’analyse des systèmes fiscaux.
Statistiques de l’impôt sur les sociétés est une publication phare de l’OCDE qui comprend des informations sur l’impôt sur les sociétés, l’activité des entreprises multinationales, et les pratiques d’érosion de la base d’imposition et de transfert de bénéfices (BEPS). Ce rapport a été un résultat clé de l’Action 11 du projet BEPS de l’OCDE/G20, qui visait à améliorer la mesure et le suivi de l’évasion fiscale.
Cette publication comprend des données sur les taux d’imposition des sociétés, les recettes, les taux d’imposition effectifs, les incitations fiscales à la R&D et l’innovation et les taux de retenue à la source, entre autres séries de données. Les Statistiques de l’impôt sur les sociétés comprennent également des données anonymes et agrégées pays par pays (CbCR) qui donnent un aperçu des activités fiscales et économiques de milliers de groupes d’entreprises multinationales opérant dans le monde entier.
L’édition 2025 contient une nouvelle année des données CbCR par taille de groupe, mesurée par les revenus provenant de transactions avec des parties non liées, et par juridiction fiscale. Sont également incluses, de nouvelles données sur les Actions 2 et 12 du projet BEPS, relatives aux dispositifs hybrides et aux règles de déclaration obligatoire, ainsi qu’un élargissement de la couverture des données sur les taux effectifs d’imposition.
PARLIAMENTARY BUDGET OFFICE (AUSTRALIE). « Cost of Property Investor Tax Breaks », 5 mars 2026, 7 p.
Cette analyse budgétaire estime que le coût combiné du negative gearing et du rabais sur les gains en capital immobiliers atteindra 24,2 milliards de dollars australiens en 2035-36, contre 7,1 milliards en 2015-16, avec une concentration marquée des bénéfices dans le dernier décile de revenu imposable.
The request sought budget analysis on the revenue forgone in relation to the cost of negative gearing and the capital gains tax (CGT) discount. There are 2 components to this request: determine the annual value of revenue forgone due to negative gearing deductions and the CGT discount applied to residential investment properties over the past 10 years and projected into the medium term until 2035-36; and provide distributional analysis over the projection period (2025-26 to 2035-36), including the annual tax revenue forgone for the average residential property investor and for each income decile.
As a revenue forgone analysis, this response does not constitute a PBO policy costing. A costing would typically incorporate behavioural and timing responses, which are not included in this analysis.
Cet article montre qu’au Royaume-Uni, malgré une détérioration des perspectives économiques, l’amélioration temporaire des finances publiques, soutenue par des recettes fiscales plus élevées et une baisse des coûts d’emprunt, permet au gouvernement de respecter ses règles budgétaires, mais avec une marge de manœuvre très limitée.
The big idea running up to the Chancellor’s Spring Forecast was to make this a nonevent. Indeed, she even strove to avoid badging it as a ‘statement’ at all, instead hoping to pass it off as little more than an acknowledgement of the Office for Budget Responsibility’s (OBR’s) updated assessment of the economy and public finances. Given heightened policy uncertainty so far this Parliament, there are potential economic as well as political benefits to such a strategy. Investors and voters alike might be impressed if things were finally moving along so steadily that she could keep her hand away from the tiller and simply press on with her pre-established “right plan for Britain”. Unfortunately, even before the ink had dried on those OBR forecasts, war was spreading like wildfire through the Middle East, rendering all the numbers out of date.
Even before the fighting started – a fortnight after the main forecasts were settled, and a few days before the Chancellor spoke – there had been some worrying signs for the economy. Growth had once again disappointed at the end of last year, and unemployment had come in higher than forecast.
None of this, however, turned out to jeopardise the chances of hitting the fiscal rules. For one thing, the OBR assumes that weaker growth in 2026 will be followed by a slightly accelerated period of catch-up later. But there are also other forces running the Exchequer’s way. In line with trends in financial markets before the new Middle East crisis, the OBR was assuming cheaper borrowing costs than it did in November, with a drop of 0.3 percentage points in 10-year government bond yields. Most handily of all, the OBR expects recent strong receipts from Self-Assessment to be repeated and has revised up Capital Gains Tax receipts largely thanks to higher equity prices.
Putting everything together, if the Government had truly ‘done nothing’, projected net borrowing would actually have improved by £10.2 billion in 2029-30. In practice, a run of minor adjustments and U-turns, such as concessions on Inheritance Tax for farmers, together with a substantial new £4.1 billion allocation for special educational needs provision by 2029-30 have exhausted just over half of this (£5.7 billion). Although the Chancellor remains on course to pass her binding fiscal rule (on a different borrowing measure) by a fractionally increased margin of £23.6 billion, she has spent most of the good luck she has had. And with global security and the world’s energy markets in tumult, there has to be a danger that her luck could run out.
Ce rapport révèle que l’Australie consacre 16,3 milliards $ en 2025‑26 aux subventions aux combustibles fossiles, principalement dans le régime fédéral de crédits de taxe sur le carburant, dont la croissance dépasse désormais celle de nombreux services sociaux essentiels.
Fossil fuel subsidies cost Australian governments $16.3 billion in 2025–26, an increase of 9.4% on the previous year. This is a larger increase than the 7.6% growth of the National Disability Insurance Scheme. Growth in fossil fuel subsidies is driven by the federal government’s Fuel Tax Credit Scheme, which cost $10.8 billion in 2025–26. Growth of this scheme is expected to outstrip spending on a range of social services including disability assistance, child care subsidies and aged care.
Ce rapport explique que la guerre au Moyen‑Orient risque de faire grimper les prix mondiaux de l’énergie, avec des répercussions directes pour l’Australie où les choix du gouvernement détermineront à la fois l’impact sur les ménages et l’ampleur des profits des entreprises gazières.
War in the Middle East will likely increase global energy prices. Australian Government choices will determine how hard this price spike hits Australian households, how huge gas export company profits are and how much tax revenue Australia will collect.
Équipe de rédaction
Recherche et sélection des articles :
- Carole Habib
- Kristine Javier
- Félix Musas
Coordination et édition :
- Tommy Gagné-Dubé
- Ariane Gaboury
Note: L’intelligence artificielle générative a été utilisée dans la préparation de ce bulletin de veille.